علاوة على ذلك, يضيف هكيل التمثيل التقليدي (والحديث) إلى الصعوبة المواجهة للمسؤولين. اليوم في عمان, طرق التمثيل عديدة: الشيخ, نائب مجلس الشورى, الولي. من ناحية, هذه الظاهرة جيدة لان يكتسب المواطن العادي صوت من الطرق المتنوعة. لكن من ناحية اخرى, من الممكن أن ندين هذا الواقع بسبب رقم الطرق الموجودة يعقد عملية صناعة وتنفيذ القرار. مثلا, قدّمت الوزارة مبادرة لقياس كمية المياه المستخدمة من الآبار, بوضع العدادات عليها. بعد تقدير كمية المياه التي تحتاج محاصيل المزارع عليها, قالت الوزارة أن هذه كمية المياه ستكون مجانة (كما العادة) وأي استخدام المياه فوق هذا سيتطلب الدفع. وكانت المعارضة وبسبب الطرق العديدة للشكاوى, أُضطرت الحكومة إلى الوقف المشروع. طبعا, ليست الطرق مستحقة باللوم في الحقيقة, بل الممارسة الثقافية التي نتيجتها الانحناء امام المعارضة.
لكن, في المكتب التالي – حرفيا – حصلتُ على اجابة مختلفة. بدون الدفع, قال الشخص الذي قابلتُ معه بعذ ذلك إن قد حسّن وعي المزارعين. وإشار إلى جمعية المزارعين في الباطنة. كما وصف, هذه المنظمة مثال تحسين الوعي الزراعي في عمان, لان قررت الجمعية, بدون التدخل من الحكومة وفقا له, أن عضو الجمعية هو مطلوب لتحديث 75% نظامه الريّ. وهذا التطور على خلفية زيارة أعضاء المجموعة إلى الاوروبا لبناء القدرات في هذا الشأن (في الخليج فقط – أنا متأكدة بأن هذه الرحلة كانت "كل التكاليف مدفوعة" من جانب الحكومة). أكد هذا الاكاديمي دور الحكومة في اعتبار الجوانب الاجتماعية والثقافية خلال عملية صناعة وتطبيق القرارات. وقال إن على جانب واحد ترغب الحكومة في تجنب عدم الاستقرار أو الاضطرابات في مستوى المجتمع, لكن على جانب اخر, لا تريد أن تقف مشروع مهم بسبب المخاوف الشعبية فقط. فبحسب الاستاذ, تعمل الحكومة, من جهة الوزارة, مع الشعب لتغيير التحيزات الاجتماعية والتقليدية/الثقافية. واستخدم مثال التحيز ضد مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة, والجهود الحكومية أن تخطط الندوات للكلام عن الموضوع.
اختتام: ليس من الممكن أن نصدق أي من الطرفين بشكل كامل, لكن أتساءل, من هو الأقرب إلى الحقيقة؟ أسمع الكثير من التناقضات في بحثي.
Once again, the topic of culture prevailed over my meeting with another academic today. In our discussion on the reasons for the lack of thorough enforcement of the laws, he said that the problem of implementation, in its essence, is a problem of culture. What does this mean? According to him, the biggest obstacle for government efforts in the area of water management is the traditional relationship between farmers and the Aflaj (traditional channels that were long ago engineered for irrigation), and the social structures that complicate any project to change the old agricultural system or the amount of water used by the farmers. From his experience, he said that despite the fact that the government proposed to subsidize and present farms with modern irrigation systems (MIS) (by 75% for most farms, and then 50% for farms biggest than these, and then by 30% for the biggest) farmers do not want a change to their irrigation system. And he blamed this reaction on a lack of awareness. In addition to this stubbornness, he pointed out that Omanis continue to cultivate date palms more than any other crop. But, they know that there is no real success in cultivating this crop. The quality of Omani dates is worse than the dates on the regional market now, and Omanis don’t need more dates within the country. The result is, according to this professor, that livestock eat the dates.
Moreover, the traditional (and modern) structure of representation adds to the difficulty facing policymakers. Today in Oman, there are numerous avenues of representation: the sheikh, the Majlis ash Shura representative, the wali. On the one hand, this phenomenon is good in that the normal citizen gains a voice by way of various channels. But on the other hand, it is possible for us to condemn this reality because the number of existing channels complicates the decision making and implementing process. For instance, the Ministry presented an initiative to measure the amount of water used from wells, by placing meters on them. After estimating the amount of water that the farm’s crops would require, the Ministry said that this amount of water would be free for the farmer (as usual) and any use of water above this would require payment. There was opposition because of the numerous channels for complaints, and the government was forced to stop the project. Of course, the channels aren’t to blame here in reality, it is the cultural practice of bending to such resistance.
But, in the next office – literally – I received a different response. Without prompting, my interviewee said that farmer awareness has improved. And he pointed out the Farmers Association of Al Batinah. As he described, this organization is an example of the improvement in agricultural awareness in Oman, because the association decided, without government interference according to him, that to be a member one is required to update 75% of his irrigation system (to MIS). And this development is against the backdrop of the members’ trip to Europe for capacity building (only in the Gulf – I’m sure it was an all expenses paid trip on the government’s dime). This academic stressed the government’s role in considering social and cultural aspects during the process of making and enforcing decisions. And he said that on the one hand the government wants to avoid instability or disturbances at the societal level, but on the other, it does not want to pause an important project because of popular concerns alone. So, according to this professor, the government works, from the ministry side, with the people to change their social and traditional/cultural biases. He used the example of the bias against treated wastewater, and the government efforts to plan seminars for discussion on the subject.
Summary: You can’t believe either side fully, but I wonder who is closer to the truth? I hear a lot of contradictions or inconsistencies in my research.
I wasn't very articulate in this post, it's just interesting that you can hear "culture is presenting a problem for this, this, and this reason" from one person, and then hear from another how perfectly the government seems to be manipulating and adapting cultural biases.
ReplyDeleteInteresting, i thought Omani dates are really good. I heard that His Majesty gave order a few months ago to plant more date palms, about a million, but i don't remember which type. Why is that?
ReplyDeleteAlso i small question; is it true Oman is the country with more palm trees in the world?
Many Omani dates are to die for, but I am not sure of the portion we eat or buy as compared to what is cultivated but then tossed/eaten by animals. I added a picture to the post, and I am not sure if you can clearly see the detail since it is compressed. However, when I took it I was confused as to why dates were just strewn around a palm tree on a farm, uncollected. Additionally, I've seen many abandoned date palms and others that will soon be abandoned because water scarcity limits the quality of their product.
ReplyDeleteYes, the Sultan ordered that one million date palms be planted. However, the government is going to own these, which is significant to note. This came on the sidelines of an agriculture sustainability conference and I'm sure it had the agronomists hopping mad. They would have pushed for planting vegetables adapted to thrive in saline soil. And we don't have the information as to how the Sultan came to that decision...I'd like to see a cost-benefit analysis on that.
I'll ask someone if Oman is host to the most palm trees in the world! Perhaps the highest density...?
its also now part of the culture to rely on the Government to ride to the rescue - so if you over pump water - and your dates are killed through salt water intrusion - then its expected that the government will organise something.
ReplyDeleteAs far as Oman’s standing in the world date league - a long way below
Egypt - Iran - Saudi in terms of absolute production where its probably less than 25% of any one
and in the case of Egypt (for example) also below in terms of production per x of land (but possibly more in terms of x per population)
GOOD POINT! There is popular complacency because the people rely on the government to problem solve (and the government gains legitimacy because it has the funds/organization to solve them). Unfortunately, the gov has a tendency to solve problems "on the spot" (conference sidelines), or via long term master plans that aren't implemented fast enough. And again we have the countering forces: expecting the gov not to distrupt the status quo now (asking you to pump less, changing pricing structure) and on the other hand, expecting that a white knight will have a solution for the problem you're currently creating.
ReplyDeleteAlso, scroll down to Table 2 for regional date palm production info:
http://www.icarda.org/aprp/Datepalm/introduction/intro-body.htm