Monday, February 1, 2010

"مخاوف من السدود بكردستان العراق" Concerns about Dams in Kurdistan

I wanted to translate an article I saw today on Al Jazeera, regarding water disputes within Iraqi and particularly concerning coordination between the central goverment and the regional Kurdish authority.

كنت أريد أن أترجم المقالة التي رأيتها في الجزيرة نت اليوم, بشأن النزاعات حول المياه داخل العراق وخصوصا التنسيق بين الحكومة المركزية والسلطة الإقليمية في كردستان.

عبر مختصون عراقيون بالموارد المائية عن مخاوفهم من إنشاء سلطات حكومة كردستان العراق لسدود في الإقليم، يمكن أن تجري إدارتها بشكل يؤثر على الثروة المائية والزراعة في بقية أنحاء العراق.

Iraqi water resource experts expressed their concerns regarding the Kurdistan government’s authorities’ establishment of dams in the region, it being possible that its administration will run in such a way that it influences the water and agricultural wealth in the rest of Iraq.

وقال وزير الزراعة والري العراقي الأسبق والخبير بشؤون المياه حسن فهمي جمعة إن إقامة السدود "يجب أن لا يخضع لأهواء وأمزجة السلطات في محافظة أو عدة محافظات".

Former Iraqi Agriculture and Irrigation Minister and expert concerning water, Hasan Fahmi Jam’aa said that establishing dams “should not be subject to the whims and moods of the authorities in the province or several provinces.”

وطالب بأن يكون التخطيط لإقامة السدود على المستوى الوطني ومن قبل الجهة المركزية المختصة بهذا الشأن والمتمثلة في وزارة الموارد المائية بالتنسيق والتشاور مع وزارة الزراعة.

And he demanded that the planning for the dam’s construction to be on the national level and from the central front specializing/competent in this regard and as represented by the Ministry of Water Resources with coordination and consultation with the Ministry of Agriculture.

وأضاف جمعة للجزيرة نت أن الموارد المائية مهمة للتنمية الاقتصادية لأي بلد, وأن أهميتها تعتبر موازية لأهمية الموارد البشرية والموارد الاقتصادية الأخرى كالنفط والغاز وغيرها.



And Jam’aa added, to Al Jazeera Net, that water resources are important for the economic development of any country, and that her importance is considered parallel to the importance of human resources and other economic resources, like oil and gas and others.

سدود مهمة
وأشار الخبير المائي إلى أن الحكومات السابقة -لاسيما في سبعينيات وثمانينيات القرن الماضي- أنشأت سدودا مهمة، مثل سد دربندخان وسد دوكان على نهر دجلة وسد حديثة على نهر الفرات، وهذه السدود وفرت الكثير من المياه للزراعة والاستخدامات الأخرى خلال فترات نقصان المياه لأي سبب كان.

Important Dams
And the water expert pointed out that the former government – especially in the 70s and 80s of the last century – established important dams, such as the Darbandkhan dam and the Dukan dam on the Tigris River and the Haditha dam on the Euphrates River, and these dams have provided a good deal of water for agriculture and other uses throughout periods of water shortage for any reason.

كما حذر من خطورة التلاعب بالمياه قائلا "لا يجوز لأي محافظة أو قرية تأتي وتعمل مشاريع بدون دراسة على مستوى القطر العراقي لاستغلال المياه، سواء كانت مياها سطحية أو مياها جوفية من مياه الأمطار، حتى المياه الجوفية".

This while he warned of the seriousness of manipulation/tampering with water, saying “no province or village can come and work on projects without studying on the level of the Iraqi nation the exploiting of water, whether it is surface water or groundwater from rains, even groundwater.”

واستطرد بأنه في كل أنحاء العالم يمنع استغلال المياه ما لم تكن ضمن خطة للبلد كله، مشددا على أن أي استغلال غير صحيح وغير دقيق للمياه يكون فيه ضرر للبلد عموماً.

He continued to say that all over the world it is forbidden that one exploits water in a way not within a plan for the whole country, stressing that any use of water that is incorrect or imprecise will harm the country generally.

ويشير جمعة إلى أن منطقة كردستان منطقة كثيرة الأمطار، وأن الأمطار المتساقطة سنوياً كافية لتغطية معظم حاجة المنطقة للزراعة، مثل زراعة الحبوب. واعتبر أن بناء السدود ليس خطأ، بل هناك فوائد كثيرة لبنائها على أن يكون وفق دراسة جدوى معدة سلفاً وليس اعتباطيا.

Jom’aa points out that Kurdistan is region with a lot of rain, and that the annual rainfall is enough to cover most of the area’s need for agriculture, such as growing grain. And he considered that the construction of dams is not a mistake, rather there are many benefits for constructing them however according to a feasibility study prepared prior and not arbitrarily.

تأثيرات
ويوافق خبير المياه العراقي عباس الصكب هذا الرأي، ويحذر من تأثير الأوضاع السياسية الحالية في العراق على البرامج التنموية بما في ذلك المشاريع الإستراتيجية مثل السدود.

Effects
The Iraqi water expert Abbas Al Sakab agrees with this opinion, and warns of the effect of the current political conditions in Iraq on development projects including strategic projects like dams.

وقال الصكب للجزيرة نت إن منطقة كردستان تتوفر فيها عدة سدود مهمة، ومن أهمها سد دوكان وسد دربندخان وسد الموصل على نهر دجلة وسد بخمة على نهر الزاب الأعلى.

And Al Sakab told Al Jazeera Net that Kurdistan that has available several important dams, of the most important, the Dukan dam and the Darbindakhan and the Mosul Dam on the Tigris and the Bakhma dam on the Upper Zab River.

وأشار إلى أن إنشاء سدود جديدة ليس فيه خطورة إذا كان ضمن حدود الأراضي العراقية وتخدم عموم البلاد، فهي خزانات لخزن المياه، لاسيما أن البلاد تعاني من شح في المياه حاليا حيث إن الرصيد المائي لنهر الفرات صفر.

He pointed out that the establishment of new dams is not serious within Iraqi land borders and if they will serve the general country, so they will be basins for storing water, especially because the country suffers from water scarcity currently where the water balance of the Euphrates is zero.

وتطرق إلى أن المخاوف من بناء مثل هذه السدود في إقليم كردستان تأتي من أن الحزبين الحاكمين يتصرفان بعيداً عن سلطة الحكومة المركزية، مما يولد مخاوف لدى باقي محافظات العراق، خاصة أن سد الموصل وسد بادوش الآن يقعان تحت سيطرة قوات البشمركة التابعة لحكومة الإقليم.

He turned to the concerns in building such dams in Kurdistan which come from the two governing parties acting far from the central government’s authority, which produced concerns for the remaining Iraqi provinces, particularly as the Mosul dam and the Badosh dam are currently placed under the authority of the Bashmarki(?) forces affiliated with the regional government.

وأوضح الصكب أن مصادر المياه في العراق أغلبها من تركيا وإيران، فنهر الزاب الأعلى نصفه من تركيا والنصف الآخر من إيران، كما أن الزاب الأسفل أغلبه من إيران بينما ينبع نهر ديالى فقط الذي هو أقل من مليار متر مكعب من الأراضي العراقية.

And Al Sakab explained that most water sources in Iraq are from Turkey and Iran, so the Upper Zab River is half from Turkey and the other half from Iran, and the Lower Zab is mostly from Iran and while the Deyala River only originates from Iraqi land and is less than a billion cubic meters.

واستطرد أن كمية مياه الزاب الأعلى تقدر بحدود 15 مليار متر مكعب، والزاب الأسفل بـ7.5 مليارات، مشيرا إلى أن المخاوف قائمة من أن يتسبب بناء السدود في كردستان بقطع الكثير من مصادر المياه خاصة إلى نهر دجلة، ما يزيد من الأزمة المائية في العراق.

And he continued that the amount of water in the Upper Zab is estimated at 15 billion cubic meters, and the Lower Zab at 7.5 billion, pointing out that the concerns are based on the fact that building the dams in Kurdistan causes the severing of water sources especially to the Tigris, which increases Iraq’s water crisis.

نفي رسمي
وفي نفس السياق نفى مسؤول كبير بوزارة الموارد المائية في بغداد وجود مخاوف من إقامة السدود في إقليم كردستان.

Official Denial

And in the same context, a senior official in the Ministry of Water Resources in Baghdad denies the existence of fears from the establishment of dams in Kurdistan.

وقال المدير العام للسدود بوزارة الموارد المائية باسل رفعت للجزيرة نت إنه لا توجد أي مخاطر من إقامة تلك السدود، ويفترض أن إقامتها تستند إلى نقاط علمية وعقلانية من حيث الدراسة الجيولوجية والاقتصادية.

The Director General for Dams in the Ministry of Water Resources, Basel Raf’at, told Al Jazeera Net that there are no risks in building these dams, and he assumes that their establishment depends upon scientific and rational points regarding geological and economic studies.

بدوره قال مدير الإعلام بوزارة الموارد المائية في إقليم كردستان عون ذياب للجزيرة نت إنه لا يمكن للإقليم إنشاء أي سد دون التنسيق مع وزارة الموارد المائية في بغداد.

From his side, Media Director for the Ministry of Water Resources in Kurdistan, Aun Theab told Al Jazeera that the territory cannot possibly establish a dam without coordination with the Ministry of Water resources in Baghdad.

وأضاف أن إنشاء أي سد لا يتم دون دراسة جدوى ومسوحات خاصة في المنطقة المزمع إقامته فيها، وشدد على أن وزارته تحرص على أن تكون جميع المشاريع المائية تكاملية ولا تتقاطع مع المشاريع الأخرى في بقية مناطق العراق

And he added that in particular any dam will not be completed without a feasibility study and surveys, especially in the region in which the dam would be built, and he stressed that his ministry is careful that all water projects are integrated and that they are not disconnected from the other projects in the rest of Iraq’s regions.

(pictures from Google Images, not the article)

9 comments:

  1. Turkey and Iran's water policies are probably much more troublesome and problematic than Iraqi Kurdistan, and that's probably why the Ministry of Water Resources is not too concerned. What's more needed is the infrastructure to move that water to the places that need it. Hopefully Turkey's MOU with Iraq pans out and they increase flow to the Euphrates, helping refill some of the dried out areas of the river system.

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  2. I hate when I'm submitting a comment and it times out and is deleted!

    Yes, infrastructure is priority 1. Yet, while GETTING water to all parties is one thing, NOT WASTING it on the way is another. For instance, about 50% of Jordan's water is lost in transit! Bad pipes and "stealing" lead to these stats.

    In the end, all water policies will obviously be influenced by the degree of regional stability, security, "friendliness" so yes, we will hope that the MOU sticks.

    What I have enjoyed about my basic survey of water politics is the glimpse I have as to the amazing number of complicating factors on decision makers' minds when determining policy. Infrastructure issues, regional security, regime type and expectations of the people to name a few, influence the availability, supply, and pricing of water. No wonder so many water policies come out bad, or are never properly implemented...

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  3. http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/africa/lom-pangar-dam-cameroon

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  4. Now that you've seen so much wastage and the lack of political will to sort any of it out, how do you avoid becoming a bitter, cynical person? Honest question.

    -Omani in US

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  5. Excellent question.

    I am constantly grappling with the question of what it means to be an observer/researcher in a country (and region) that doesn't like to be observed or analyzed. Though I do witness a lack of political will on water issues (and most others) I still feel like they deserve research and commentary. In other words, I have no illusions and do not think, for instance, that better policies will be made in Oman because Middle East Nomad is here. However, if I can shed a little light on how things work, how decisions are made, what interests are at play, this could help someone else with their investigation as well. Just fitting a few more of the puzzle pieces together.

    It is endlessly frustrating, but it will be rewarding if my research in any way can contribute to better transparency or interest in the issues I discuss.

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  6. [PS I doubt if Harsh would agree with my idealism]

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  7. Not true. I don't doubt *your* ability to contribute to the literature and make a tangible impact. I do, however, question the motives of *most* research that tries to produce certainty in abstract disciplines like education, development, and social justice. I think your most recent blog post was a step in the right direction. People forget to leave their preconceptions on the jetway. They will accept qualification at best, but definitely not falsification.

    I'm not a pessimist. I'm a realist. You can't get caught up in the excitement and prospect of a total solution. If you do, you're biting off more than you can chew, and the end result is just fluff.

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  8. (It also timed out on me, btw. Frustrating...)

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  9. Ok, you had me confused when you said 'just fitting a few more of the puzzle pieces together'. I kept wondering what you meant because...there are no puzzle pieces, and no puzzle either. But then it seems you realised that with your Feb 7 post.

    -Omani in US

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